|
So what evidence is there to support this broad hypothesis?
This is a list of support and further reading that might help to establish the value of
some of the ideas.
Inflammation
Innate Immunity
 | Comptes Rendus Biologies, whole issue June 2004 (327:509-607) |
| Hedrick, S.M. "The Acquired Immune System: A Vantage from
Beneath"
Immunity 2004, 21: 607-615. The whole article is downloadable
as a pdf file (pdf
copy) |
| Reisa E.S., Barbuto J.A.M., Isaaca L. "Complement components,
regulators and receptors are produced by human monocyte-derived dendritic
cells"
Immunobiology 2007, 212 (3) 151-157. This makes it more probable that all
phagocytes manufacture many complement factors and release them in their
vicinity. The liver probably acts as a phagocyte populated factory for
producing circulating complement factors.
|
Evolution and comparative immunology
| Rinkevich, B. "Primitive immune systems: are your ways my ways."
Immunological
Rev 2004, 198:25-35 |
| Gura, T. "Roots of immunity"
New
Scientist 19th Feb 2000 page 24. This is a very useful comparison of
animal and plant defence. It is worth mentioning, here, the usefulness of
aspirin in the management of human infections/inflammation. In both plants and
animals, aspirin lowers the threshold at which individual cells opt for
apoptosis. This emphasises the centrality of "elective suicide" as a core
defence mechanism and points towards it being one of the earliest shells to be
added in metazoans. |
| Danivlova N. "The evolution of immune mechanisms."
J Exp Zoolog B Mol Dev Evol 2006, 306(6):496-520. This is a useful
discussion though I would not have put this much emphasis on self non-self
discrimination and pathogen elimination. There is subtle support for: the
shell structure of the successive refinements of defence mechanisms; a role
for the immune system in tissue homeostasis; a number of other subtle shifts
in emphasis that move (to my view) a considerable way along the trend towards
the morphostasis viewpoint. |
| Miller DJ, Hemmrich G, Ball EE et al. "The innate immune repertoire in
Cnidaria - ancestral complexity and stochastic gene loss."
Genome Biol. 2007 Apr
16;8(4):R59 [Epub ahead of print]. Clear indication that C3, perforin/MAC
and TLR genes present in these "basal" animals. |
| Jones, J.G.D., Dangl, J.L. "The plant immune system."
Nature 2006; 444:323-29.
Comparative immunology really but this article gives insight into the probable
core strategies of the mammalian immune system. |
| Anderson, MK., Rast, JP. "Universal rules of immunity."
Immunol Cell Biol 2009 Epub ahead of print. (Evolution of adaptive
immunity.) |
| Boller, T., He, SY. "Innate immunity in plants: an arms race between
pattern recognition receptors in plants and effectors in microbial pathogens."
Science 2009
May 8;324(5928):742-4. |
| Sokolova, IM. "Apoptosis in molluscan immune defense."
Invertebrate Survival
Journal 2009 6:49-58 |
| Cooper, E.L. "Evolution of immune systems from self/not self to danger to
artificial immune systems (AIS)"
Phys Life Rev.
2010 Mar;7(1):55-78 |
| Lackie, A.M. "Transplantation immunity in arthropods: is
immunorecognition merely wound healing?" Chapter 10 in "Immunity in
invertebrates" Ed Brehelin, M., Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1986 |
| Augustin R., Fraunea S. and Bosch T.C.G. "How Hydra senses and destroys
microbes."
Semin Immunol, 2010 (Feb) 22(1): 54-58 (also
visible here). TLR and NOD at the evolutionary base of metazoan tissue
homeostasis.
|
Immune surveillance for cancer (and other cancer articles)
| Pardoll, D. "Does the immune system see tumours as foreign or self?"
Ann Rev Immunology 2003, 21: 807-839 |
| Fidler, I.J., Schroit, A.J. "Recognition and destruction of neoplastic
cells by activated macrophages: discrimination of altered self."
BBA Rev Cancer 1998, 948:151-173 |
| de Visser, K.E., Eichten, A., Coussens, L.M. "Paradoxical roles of the
immune system during cancer development."
Nature
Reviews Cancer (Jan) 2006, 6:24-37 |
| Bhardwaj, N. "Harnessing the immune system to treat cancer."
J. Clin. Invest. 2007 117:
1130-1136. This, and the next four articles, are part of a special review
series published in this
edition of the JCI. |
| Swann J.B., and Smyth M. J. "Immune surveillance of tumors."
J. Clin. Invest. 2007 117:
1137-1146. |
| Sica A. , Bronte V. "Altered macrophage differentiation and immune
dysfunction in tumor development."
J. Clin. Invest. 2T.J.007
117: 1155-1166 |
| Curiel T. J. "Tregs and rethinking cancer immunotherapy."
J. Clin. Invest. 2007 117:
1167-1174
|
| Lin W-W., Karin M. "A cytokine-mediated link between innate immunity,
inflammation, and cancer."
J. Clin. Invest. 2007 117:
1175-1183
|
| Ruggiero RA, Bustuoabad OD. "The biological sense of cancer: a
hypothesis." Theor Biol
Med Model. 2006 Dec 15;3:43. |
Gap junctions and immune function
| Oviedo-Orta, E., Evans, W.H. "Gap junctions and connexin-mediated
communication in the immune system."
Biochim
Biophys Acta 2004, 1662:102-112 |
| Oviedo-Orta, E.
Web home page. This researcher seems to be a major source of research into
GJs and the immune system. |
| Alves, L.A., Campos de Carvalho, A.C, Savino, W. "Gap
junctions: a novel route for direct cell–cell communication in the immune
system?"
Immunology Today, 1998 Jun;19(6):269-75 |
| Neijssen, J., Herberts, C., Drijfhout, J.W., Reits, E., Janssen, L. and
Neefjes, J. "Cross-presentation by intercellular peptide transfer through
gap junctions"
Nature 2005, 434:83-88 (also a News and views comment same issue). |
| Matsue H, Yao J, Matsue K, Nagasaka A, Sugiyama H, Aoki R, Kitamura M,
Shimada S. "Gap junction-mediated intercellular communication between
dendritic cells (DCs) is required for effective activation of DCs."
J Immunol.
2006 Jan 1;176(1):181-90. |
| Neijssen, J., Pang, B., Neefjes, J. "Gap junction-mediated
intercellular communication in the immune system." Prog Biophys Mol
Biol. 2007;94(1-2):207-18. Great overview article. Particularly note
"cordon sanitaire".
PubMed ref. |
| Todd, K.L., Kristan, W.B., French, K.A. "Gap junction expression is
required for normal chemical synapse formation." J Neurosci. 2010 Nov
10;30(45):15277-85. Describes how preliminary GJ formation leads to neuronal
synapse. May have ramifications for immune synapse. |
| Mendoza-Naranjo A, et al. "Functional gap junctions accumulate at the
immunological synapse and contribute to T cell activation".
J Immunol. 2011
187(6):3121-32. |
Tissue homeostasis (including
apoptosis as part of this)
| Grimsley, C., Ravichandram, K.S. "Cues for apoptotic cell engulfment:
eat-me, don't eat-me and come-get-me signals."
Trends Cell Biol 2003,
13:648-656 |
| Maderna, P., Godson, C. "Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and the resolution
of inflammation."
Biochim
Biophys Acta 2003, 1639:141-151 |
| Gordon, S. "Pathogen recognition or homeostasis? APC receptor functions in
innate immunity."
C.R.Biologies 2004, 327:603–607 (Comptes Rendus Biologies) |
| See the de Visser article in section "Immune surveillance for cancer"
above. |
| Cvetanovic M, Mitchell JE, Patel V. et al. Specific recognition of
apoptotic cells reveals a ubiquitous and unconventional innate immunity.
J Biol Chem
2006, 281: 20055-20067 |
| Perryman, S.V., Sylvester, K.G. "Repair and regeneration: opportunities
for carcinogenesis from tissue stem cells"
J Cell Mol Med 2006
Apr-Jun;10(2):292-308 |
| Erwig, L.P., Henson, P.M. "Immunological Consequences of Apoptotic Cell
Phagocytosis."
Am J Pathol. 2007 May 18; [Epub ahead of print].
PubMed ref. |
| Köhl, J. "The role of complement in danger sensing and transmission."
Immunol Res. 2006;34(2):157-76. |
| Neumann H, Kotter MR, Franklin RJ. "Debris clearance by microglia: an
essential link between degeneration and regeneration."
Brain. 2009
Feb;132(Pt 2):288-95. |
| Silverman GJ, Grönwall C, Vas J, Chen Y. "Natural autoantibodies to
apoptotic cell membranes regulate fundamental innate immune functions and
suppress inflammation." Discov Med 2009, 8(42):151-6. (Available
through
www.discoverymedicine.com
). Suggests that the role of B-cells/free antibodies has its roots in
(targeted) tissue debris clearance. |
| Bukovsky A. "Immune maintenance of self in
morphostasis of distinct tissues, tumour growth and regenerative medicine."
Scand J Immunol 2011 73:159-189. |
| Tegla CA, Cudrici C, Patel S, Trippe R, Rus V,
Niculescu F, and Rus H. "Membrane attack by complement: the assembly and
biology of terminal complement complexes."
Immunol Res.
2011 Oct;51(1):45-60. |
Autophagy and Apoptosis
|
Deretic V. "Autophagy as an immune defense mechanism."
Curr Opin Immunol 2006;18:375-382. |
|
Patel, S., Caplan, J., Dinesh-Kumar, SP. "Autophagy in the
control of programmed cell death."
Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2006 9(4):391-6. Evidence for its role in plant
defence too. |
|
Amano, A., Nakagawa, I., Yoshimori T. "Autophagy in Innate
Immunity against Intracellular Bacteria."
J Biochem (Tokyo). 2006 140(2):161-6. |
|
Swanson, M.S. "Autophagy: eating for good health."
J Immunol 2006, 177(8):4945-51. |
|
Delgado, MA, Deretic V. “Toll-like receptors in control of
immunological autophagy.”
Cell
Death Differ 2009 Jul;16(7):976-83. |
|
Behar SM, Martin CJ, Booty MG, Nishimura T, Zhao X, Gan HX,
Divangahi M, Remold HG. "Apoptosis is an innate defense function of
macrophages against Mycobacterium tuberculosis."
Mucosal
Immunol. 2011 May;4(3):279-87 |
|
Ashida H, Mimuro H, Ogawa M, Kobayashi T, Sanada T, Kim M,
Sasakawa C. "Cell death and infection: A double-edged sword for host and
pathogen survival" J Cell Biol 2011 [epub]
www.jcb.org/cgi/doi/10.1083/jcb.201108081 |
Models and hypothesis and the philosophy of immunity
PAMPs or MAMPs (pathogen or microbe associated molecular
patterns) and pathogens
| Strober, W., "Epithelial cells pay a Toll for protection"
Nature Medicine 10(9):898-900 |
| Casadevall, A., Pirofski, L-A. "Host pathogen interactions: redefining the
basic concepts of virulence and pathogenicity."
Infection & Immunity
1999, 678):3703-3713 |
| Seong SY, Matzinger P., "Hydrophobicity: an ancient damage-associated
molecular pattern that initiates innate immune responses."
Nat Rev Immunol. 2004 Jun;4(6):469-78. (Also relevant to tissue
homeostasis.) |
| Ingle, R.A., Carstens, M., Denby, K.J. "PAMP recognition and the
plant-pathogen arms race."
BioEssays 2006 ,28(9):880-9.
Interesting parallels with animals. Subtle "recognition" that they are
"microbe associated" rather than "pathogen associated" molecular patterns. |
| Vance RE, Isberg RR, Portnoy DA. "Patterns of
pathogenesis: discrimination of pathogenic and nonpathogenic microbes by the
innate immune system."
Cell Host Microbe. 2009 Jul 23;6(1):10-21. (I found this an excellent read
- provocative thinking.) |
| Casadevall, A., Pirofski, L-A. "Virulence factors and their mechanisms
of action: the view from a damage–response framework."
J Water Health.
2009, 7(S1):s2-s18 (DOI:10.2166/wh.2009.036 - PubMed citation not yet
available). |
| Hardt, W-D. "Infected Cell in Trouble: Bystander Cells Ring the Bell."
Immunity 2010 33:5 652-654. |
| Lazzaro BP, Rolff J. "Immunology. Danger, microbes, and homeostasis."
Science. 2011
Apr 1;332(6025):43-4 (also
here) |
Pathogenicity
Philosophical bits
| The Blind Men and the Elephant
|
| Lagendijk, A. "Pushing for power"
Nature
v438:p429 (24th Nov) 2005 |
| Woese, C.R. "A New Biology for a New Century"
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev.
2004 Jun;68(2):173-86 in which he muses on reductionism, "bigger pictures"
and "a guiding vision".] |
| Coutinho, A., "On Doing Science" (a speech by;
visible here). |
| Garfield, E., "The metaphor-science connection."
Essays of an
Information Scientist
1986:9;316-323
|
| Shneider, AM. "Four stages of a scientific
discipline; four types of scientist." Trends Biochem Sci. 2009
May;34(5):217-23 (visible
here) |
| Barber B.
"Resistance by scientists to scientific discovery."
Science 1961
134:569-602 (also visible
here). A
"must read" article for those who wonder why new ideas are (r)ejected. |
| Raup, D.M., "New Ideas Are 'Guilty Until
Proved Innocent'."
The Scientist
1986, 1(1):18. An interesting appraisal of conceptual upheavals. |
Beating back the tide of entropy - life as a manifestation
of entropy dissipation
| James J Kay has an
extensive site dedicated to this subject, these articles in particular
|
Innovation
Other interesting references
| Obhrai, J. & Goldstein, D.R. "The role of Toll-like receptors in solid
organ transplantation". Transplantation
2006, 81(4):497-502 |
| Khan, W.I. & Collins, S.M. "Gut motor function: immunological control
in enteric infection and inflammation."
Clin Exp Immunol 2006, 143:389-387 |
| Rios-Barrera, V.A et al. "Macrophage and T-lymphocyte apoptosis during
experimental pulmonary tuberculosis: their relationship to mycobacterial
virulence."
Eur J Immunol 2006, 36:345-353 |
| Niederkorn, J.Y. "See no evil, hear no evil, do no evil: the lessons of
immune privilege."
Nature
Immunol 2006, 7:345-359 |
| Blaser, M.J. "Who are we? Indigenous microbes and the ecology of human
diseases." Embo Reports 2006, 7:956-960 (currently
freely available - 03/10/06 - at this site). Pathogenic organisms evolve
with us. |
| Galon, J., Costes, A., Sanchez-Cabo, F., et al. "Type, density, and
location of immune cells within human colorectal tumors predict clinical
outcome."
Science 2006, Sep 29;313(5795):1960-4. Firm indication of cancer
immunosurveillance. |
| RNA interference - 2006 Nobel award release - two good explanations.
Press release and
Advanced information. |
| Burch, P.R.J. R., Burwell, G. "Self and Not-Self a Clonal Induction
Approach to Immunology."
Q Rev Biol 1965, 40:3;252-279. I don't remember having read this before
but, perhaps I did and don't recall it. Burch and Burwell (morphostasis)
were well known to me in the "early" days. Whatever, it just goes to show,
"Originality is nothing but judicious imitation": Voltaire. |
| Aller, M-A., Arias, J-L., Sánchez-Patán,F., Arias, J. "The inflammatory
response: An efficient way of life."
Med Sci Monit
2006; 12(10): RA225-234 |
| Lawrence T, Gilroy DW."Chronic inflammation: a failure of resolution?"
Int J Exp Pathol. 2007 Apr;88(2):85-94. |
| Markiewski MM, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN, Mollnes TE, Lambris JD. "Complement
and coagulation: strangers or partners in crime?"
Trends Immunol. 2007 Apr;28(4):184-92. |
| Cortes-Jorges H. “Bubble algae: selected descriptions, controls and
comments.” Reefkeeping (online magazine) 2002:Feb
http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-02/hcj/feature/index.php . A revealing
article that discusses the denial of resources in coral tank ecosystems. |
| Garber, E.D. "The host as a growth medium." Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1960
Nov 21;88:1187-94. I have not managed to obtain the full article but it looks
as though Garber may have suggested that the host protects itself by
sequestering nutrient material. There is an earlier 1956 article too: "The
Role of Nutrition in the Host-Parasite Relationship." Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A. 1954 Dec;40(12):1112-8. |
| Youngsteadt E. "Dying Generously"
Am Sci 2011, 99(3):208 DOI: 10.1511/2011.90.208. "Altruistic" elective
suicide in single celled organisms. |
| Lathrop SK, Bloom SM, Rao SM, Nutsch K, Lio CW,
Santacruz N, Peterson DA, Stappenbeck TS, Hsieh CS. "Peripheral education of
the immune system by colonic commensal microbiota."
Nature. 2011 Sep 21.
Evidence that tolerant immune responses are invoked to co-operators. |
Computing - maintaining integrity - an emerging view that
uses analogies with biology
|
