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So what evidence is there to support this broad hypothesis?
This is a list of support and further reading that might help to establish the value of
some of the ideas.
Inflammation
Innate Immunity
 | Comptes Rendus Biologies, whole issue June 2004 (327:509-607) |
| Hedrick, S.M. "The Acquired Immune System: A Vantage from
Beneath"
Immunity 2004, 21: 607-615. The whole article is downloadable
as a pdf file (pdf
copy) |
| Reisa E.S., Barbuto J.A.M., Isaaca L. "Complement components,
regulators and receptors are produced by human monocyte-derived dendritic
cells"
Immunobiology 2007, 212 (3) 151-157. This makes it more probable that all
phagocytes manufacture many complement factors and release them in their
vicinity. The liver probably acts as a phagocyte populated factory for
producing circulating complement factors.
|
Evolution
| Rinkevich, B. "Primitive immune systems: are your ways my ways."
Immunological
Rev 2004, 198:25-35 |
| Gura, T. "Roots of immunity"
New
Scientist 19th Feb 2000 page 24. This is a very useful comparison of
animal and plant defence. It is worth mentioning, here, the usefulness of
aspirin in the management of human infections/inflammation. In both plants and
animals, aspirin lowers the threshold at which individual cells opt for
apoptosis. This emphasises the centrality of "elective suicide" as a core
defence mechanism and points towards it being one of the earliest shells to be
added in metazoans. |
| Danivlova N. "The evolution of immune mechanisms."
J Exp Zoolog B Mol Dev Evol 2006, 306(6):496-520. This is a useful
discussion though I would not have put this much emphasis on self non-self
discrimination and pathogen elimination. There is subtle support for: the
shell structure of the successive refinements of defence mechanisms; a role
for the immune system in tissue homeostasis; a number of other subtle shifts
in emphasis that move (to my view) a considerable way along the trend towards
the morphostasis viewpoint. |
| Miller DJ, Hemmrich G, Ball EE et al. "The innate immune repertoire in
Cnidaria - ancestral complexity and stochastic gene loss."
Genome Biol. 2007 Apr
16;8(4):R59 [Epub ahead of print]. Clear indication that C3, perforin/MAC
and TLR genes present in these "basal" animals. |
| Jones, J.G.D., Dangl, J.L. "The plant immune system."
Nature 2006; 444:323-29.
Comparative immunology really but this article gives insight into the probable
core strategies of the mammalian immune system.
|
Immune surveillance for cancer
| Pardoll, D. "Does the immune system see tumours as foreign or self?"
Ann Rev Immunology 2003, 21: 807-839 |
| Fidler, I.J., Schroit, A.J. "Recognition and destruction of neoplastic
cells by activated macrophages: discrimination of altered self."
BBA Rev Cancer 1998, 948:151-173 |
| de Visser, K.E., Eichten, A., Coussens, L.M. "Paradoxical roles of the
immune system during cancer development."
Nature
Reviews Cancer (Jan) 2006, 6:24-37 |
| Bhardwaj, N. "Harnessing the immune system to treat cancer."
J. Clin. Invest. 2007 117:
1130-1136. This, and the next four articles, are part of a special review
series published in this
edition of the JCI. |
| Swann J.B., and Smyth M. J. "Immune surveillance of tumors."
J. Clin. Invest. 2007 117:
1137-1146. |
| Sica A. , Bronte V. "Altered macrophage differentiation and immune
dysfunction in tumor development."
J. Clin. Invest. 2T.J.007
117: 1155-1166 |
| Curiel T. J. "Tregs and rethinking cancer immunotherapy."
J. Clin. Invest. 2007 117:
1167-1174
|
| Lin W-W., Karin M. "A cytokine-mediated link between innate immunity,
inflammation, and cancer."
J. Clin. Invest. 2007 117:
1175-1183
|
Gap junctions and immune function
| Oviedo-Orta, E., Evans, W.H. "Gap junctions and connexin-mediated
communication in the immune system."
Biochim
Biophys Acta 2004, 1662:102-112 |
| Oviedo-Orta, E.
Web home page. This researcher seems to be a major source of research into
GJs and the immune system. |
| Alves, L.A., Campos de Carvalho, A.C, Savino, W. "Gap
junctions: a novel route for direct cell–cell communication in the immune
system?"
Immunology Today, 1998 Jun;19(6):269-75 |
| Neijssen, J., Herberts, C., Drijfhout, J.W., Reits, E., Janssen, L. and
Neefjes, J. "Cross-presentation by intercellular peptide transfer through
gap junctions"
Nature 2005, 434:83-88 (also a News and views comment same issue). |
| Matsue H, Yao J, Matsue K, Nagasaka A, Sugiyama H, Aoki R, Kitamura M,
Shimada S. "Gap junction-mediated intercellular communication between
dendritic cells (DCs) is required for effective activation of DCs."
J Immunol.
2006 Jan 1;176(1):181-90. |
| Neijssen, J., Pang, B., Neefjes, J. "Gap junction-mediated
intercellular communication in the immune system." Prog Biophys Mol
Biol. 2007;94(1-2):207-18. Great overview article. Particularly note
"cordon sanitaire".
PubMed ref. |
Tissue homeostasis (including
apoptosis as part of this)
| Grimsley, C., Ravichandram, K.S. "Cues for apoptotic cell engulfment:
eat-me, don't eat-me and come-get-me signals."
Trends Cell Biol 2003,
13:648-656 |
| Maderna, P., Godson, C. "Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and the resolution
of inflammation."
Biochim
Biophys Acta 2003, 1639:141-151 |
| Gordon, S. "Pathogen recognition or homeostasis? APC receptor functions in
innate immunity."
C.R.Biologies 2004, 327:603–607 (Comptes Rendus Biologies) |
| See the de Visser article in section "Immune surveillance for cancer"
above. |
| Cvetanovic M, Mitchell JE, Patel V. et al. Specific recognition of
apoptotic cells reveals a ubiquitous and unconventional innate immunity.
J Biol Chem
2006, 281: 20055-20067 |
| Perryman, S.V., Sylvester, K.G. "Repair and regeneration: opportunities
for carcinogenesis from tissue stem cells"
J Cell Mol Med 2006
Apr-Jun;10(2):292-308 |
| Erwig, L.P., Henson, P.M. "Immunological Consequences of Apoptotic Cell
Phagocytosis."
Am J Pathol. 2007 May 18; [Epub ahead of print].
PubMed ref. |
Autophagy
|
Deretic V. "Autophagy as an immune defense mechanism."
Curr Opin Immunol 2006;18:375-382. |
|
Patel, S., Caplan, J., Dinesh-Kumar, SP. "Autophagy in the
control of programmed cell death."
Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2006 9(4):391-6. Evidence for its role in plant
defence too. |
|
Amano, A., Nakagawa, I., Yoshimori T. "Autophagy in Innate
Immunity against Intracellular Bacteria."
J Biochem (Tokyo). 2006 140(2):161-6. |
|
Swanson, M.S. "Autophagy: eating for good health."
J Immunol 2006, 177(8):4945-51. |
PAMPs or MAMPs (pathogen or microbe associated molecular
patterns) and pathogens
| Strober, W., "Epithelial cells pay a Toll for protection"
Nature Medicine 10(9):898-900 |
| Casadevall, A., Pirofski, L-A. "Host pathogen interactions: redefining the
basic concepts of virulence and pathogenicity."
Infection & Immunity
1999, 678):3703-3713 |
| Seong SY, Matzinger P., "Hydrophobicity: an ancient damage-associated
molecular pattern that initiates innate immune responses."
Nat Rev Immunol. 2004 Jun;4(6):469-78. (Also relevant to tissue
homeostasis.) |
| Ingle, R.A., Carstens, M., Denby, K.J. "PAMP recognition and the
plant-pathogen arms race."
BioEssays 2006 ,28(9):880-9.
Interesting parallels with animals. Subtle "recognition" that they are
"microbe associated" rather than "pathogen associated" molecular patterns. |
Pathogenicity
Philosophical bits
Beating back the tide of entropy - life as a manifestation
of entropy dissipation
| James J Kay has an
extensive site dedicated to this subject, these articles in particular
|
Innovation
Other interesting references
| Obhrai, J. & Goldstein, D.R. "The role of Toll-like receptors in solid
organ transplantation". Transplantation
2006, 81(4):497-502 |
| Khan, W.I. & Collins, S.M. "Gut motor function: immunological control
in enteric infection and inflammation."
Clin Exp Immunol 2006, 143:389-387 |
| Rios-Barrera, V.A et al. "Macrophage and T-lymphocyte apoptosis during
experimental pulmonary tuberculosis: their relationship to mycobacterial
virulence."
Eur J Immunol 2006, 36:345-353 |
| Niederkorn, J.Y. "See no evil, hear no evil, do no evil: the lessons of
immune privilege."
Nature
Immunol 2006, 7:345-359 |
| Blaser, M.J. "Who are we? Indigenous microbes and the ecology of human
diseases." Embo Reports 2006, 7:956-960 (currently
freely available - 03/10/06 - at this site). Pathogenic organisms evolve
with us. |
| Galon, J., Costes, A., Sanchez-Cabo, F., et al. "Type, density, and
location of immune cells within human colorectal tumors predict clinical
outcome."
Science 2006, Sep 29;313(5795):1960-4. Firm indication of cancer
immunosurveillance. |
| RNA interference - 2006 Nobel award release - two good explanations.
Press release and
Advanced information. |
| Burch, P.R.J. R., Burwell, G. "Self and Not-Self a Clonal Induction
Approach to Immunology."
Q Rev Biol 1965, 40:3;252-279. I don't remember having read this before
but, perhaps I did and don't recall it. Burch and Burwell (morphostasis)
were well known to me in the "early" days. Whatever, it just goes to show,
"Originality is nothing but judicious imitation": Voltaire. |
| Aller, M-A., Arias, J-L., Sánchez-Patán,F., Arias, J. "The inflammatory
response: An efficient way of life."
Med Sci Monit
2006; 12(10): RA225-234 |
| Lawrence T, Gilroy DW."Chronic inflammation: a failure of resolution?"
Int J Exp Pathol. 2007 Apr;88(2):85-94. |
| Markiewski MM, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN, Mollnes TE, Lambris JD. "Complement
and coagulation: strangers or partners in crime?"
Trends Immunol. 2007 Apr;28(4):184-92. |
| Cortes-Jorges H. “Bubble algae: selected descriptions, controls and
comments.” Reefkeeping (online magazine) 2002:Feb
http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-02/hcj/feature/index.php . A revealing
article discussing the denial of resources in coral tank ecosystems.
|
Computing - maintaining integrity - an emerging view that
uses analogies with biology
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